Candida Kefyr Cytosine Deaminase

ABSTRACT

A new cytosine deaminase gene and protein from  Candida kefyr  are provided. This protein has increased ability to convert the 5-fluorocytosine prodrug to its toxic form when compared against the  E. coli  enzyme.

PRIOR RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 USC §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/436,707 filed Dec. 27, 2002, entitled “Candida kefyr Cytosine Deaminase,” which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH STATEMENT

Not applicable.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING

A sequence listing with 24 sequences is attached hereto.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a cytosine deaminase (CD) protein and cDNA from the yeast Candida kefyr, variants of the same and uses thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cytosine deaminase (CD) is an enzyme that converts cytosine to uracil. The bacterial and fungal versions of this enzyme can also convert 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) to 5-fluorouracil (5FU). However, the human and mouse enzyme does not recognize 5FC as a substrate. Bacterial and fungal CD converts 5FC to 5FU, which is then converted to 5-fluoro-deoxyuridine monophosphate (5FdUMP) in all species. 5FdUMP is an irreversible inhibitor of thymidylate synthase, and the accumulation of 5FdUMP leads to cell death by inhibiting DNA synthesis via deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) deprivation.

Because the human CD gene does not convert 5FC to 5FU, the pro-drug 5FC is only toxic in those human cells that are engineered to express a bacterial or fungal CD gene. This has been used to advantage in treating tumors, and is an example of a “suicide gene” system. The tumors are transformed with a bacterial or fungal CD gene, usually by direct injection, implantation or systemic administration of a vector containing the CD gene. The patient is then treated with 5FC and the toxic effects of 5FU lead to death of the transformed cells that continue to divide.

The suicide gene system has been studied extensively as an approach to treat malignant tumors. One of the advantages of the system is that incorporation of the suicide gene into every tumor cell is not necessary for effective therapy; complete tumor responses have been reported in animals when less than 20% of the cells expressed the suicide gene. This phenomenon is known as the “bystander effect,” and is based on the continued toxicity of the drug to neighboring cells when a particular cell dies and releases its drug load (6).

The suicide gene system requires accurate targeting because gene expression in a normal cell followed by exposure to the pro-drug will kill the cell when it attempts to divide. This problem has been addressed by placing the suicide gene under control of a tissue-specific (or preferentially a tumor-specific) promoter so that the gene will be expressed only in a select population of targeted cells. The alpha-fetoprotein promoter, which is preferentially activated in hepatoma cells, is an example of such an approach (8). Because many promoter sequences are not completely tumor specific, the suicide gene may be also be expressed in some amount of healthy tissue. This is not fatal to efficacy, however, because like most chemotherapy, the premise of the treatment is that actively dividing cells are preferentially targeted by the drug.

Although suicide genes are a promising approach for the specific targeting of tumors, there is room for improvement in most aspects of the system. In particular, an enzyme with increased activity would allow the use of lower doses of 5FC, and avoid the reported immunosuppressive effects of high 5FC doses. The present invention provides one such improvement.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The term “fusion” is used to refer to chemically linked polypeptides (or nucleic acid encoding such polypeptide), to another peptide (or nucleic acid encoding same) with a known property which can be utilized to impart the known property on the entire fusion protein. The use of fusions is common in the art to facilitate protein purification and for visualizing the protein of interest. An example of a protein fusion is the expression of proteins from vector where the protein is operably linked to an intein (a self cleaving protein) which is operably linked to a binding domain. By affixing the substrate of the binding domain to a solid surface, the protein of interest can be bound to the surface, rinsed, and released under conditions which induce intein cleavage. Other examples of fusions include the use of antigenic tags (such as HIS or FLAG) that can be used to isolate or visualize the tagged protein.

The term “humanized,” as used herein, refers to protein coding sequences in which the codons have been converted to codons utilized more frequently in a human gene, while still retaining the original amino acid sequence. Similarly, “E. coli bias” refers to a gene optimized for expression in E. coli.

The term “isolated,” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid or polypeptide removed from its native environment. An example of an isolated protein is a protein bound by a polyclonal antibody, rinsed to remove cellular debris, and utilized without further processing. Salt-cut protein preparations, size fractionated preparation, affinity-absorbed preparations, recombinant genes, recombinant protein, cell extracts from host cells that expressed the recombinant nucleic acid, media into which the recombinant protein has been secreted, and the like are also included. The term “isolated” is used because, for example, a protein bound to a solid support via another protein is at most 50% pure, yet isolated proteins are commonly and reliably used in the art.

“Purified,” as used herein refers to nucleic acids or polypeptides separated from their natural environment so that they are at least 95% of total nucleic acid or polypeptide in a given sample. Protein purity is assessed herein by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. Nucleic acid purity is assessed by agarose gel and EtBr staining.

The term “substantially purified,” as used herein, refers to nucleic acid or protein sequences that are removed from their natural environment and are at least 75% pure. Preferably, at least 80, 85, or 90% purity is attained.

The phrases “nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid sequence,” as used herein, refers to polynucleotides, which may be gDNA, cDNA or RNA and which may be single-stranded or double-stranded. The term also includes peptide nucleic acid (PNA), or to any chemically DNA-like or RNA-like material. “cDNA” refers to copy DNA made from mRNA that is naturally occurring in a cell. “gDNA” refers to genomic DNA. Combinations of the same are also possible (i.e., a recombinant nucleic acid that is part gDNA and part cDNA).

“Fragments” refers to those polypeptides (or nucleic acid sequences encoding such polypeptides) retaining antigenicity, a structural domain, or an enzymatic activity of the full-length protein. The “enzymatic activity” of the CD protein is herein defined to be the conversion of 5FC to 5FU. “Structural domains” including the conserved cytosine deaminase domain (residues 3-104) are as indicated in FIG. 5.

The term “oligonucleotide,” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid sequence of at least about 15 nucleotides to 100 nucleotides, and all integers between. Preferably, oligonucleotides are about 18 to 30 nucleotides, and most preferably about 20 to 25 nucleotides. Generally, an oligonucleotide must be greater than 22 to 25 nucleotides long for specificity, although shorter oligonucleotides will suffice in certain applications.

The terms “operably associated” or “operably linked,” as used herein, refer to functionally coupled nucleic acid sequences.

A “variant” of CD polypeptides, as used herein, refers to an amino acid sequence that is altered by one or more amino acid residues. Such variations may be naturally occurring or synthetically prepared. Common variants include “conservative” changes, truncations, and domain removal or swapping with similar proteins. Guidance in determining which amino acid residues may be substituted, inserted, or deleted without abolishing biological or immunological activity may be found using computer programs well known in the art, for example, LASERGENE™ software, and comparison against the many known CD genes.

The term “naturally occurring variant,” includes those protein or nucleic acid alleles that are naturally found in the population in question. The naturally occurring allelic variants may be point, splice, or other types of naturally occurring variations.

“High Stringency” refers to wash conditions of 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. “Medium stringency” refers to wash conditions of 0.2×SSC 0.1% SDS at 55° C.

In calculating “% identity” the unaligned terminal portions of the query sequence are not included in the calculation. The identity is calculated over the entire length of the reference sequence, thus short local alignments with a query sequence are not relevant (e.g., % identity=number of aligned residues in the query sequence/length of reference sequence). Alignments are performed using BLAST homology alignment as described by Tatusova T A & Madden T L (1999) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 174:247-250. The default parameters were used, except the filters are turned OFF. As of Jan. 1, 2001 the default parameters were as follows: BLASTN or BLASTP as appropriate; Matrix=none for BLASTN, BLOSUM62 for BLASTP; G Cost to open gap default=5 for nucleotides, 11 for proteins; E Cost to extend gap [Integer] default=2 for nucleotides, 1 for proteins; q Penalty for nucleotide mismatch [Integer] default=−3; r reward for nucleotide match [Integer] default=1; e expect value [Real] default=10; W wordsize [Integer] default=11 for nucleotides, 3 for proteins; y Dropoff (X) for blast extensions in bits (default if zero) default=20 for blastn, 7 for other programs; X dropoff value for gapped alignment (in bits) 30 for blastn, 15 for other programs; Z final X dropoff value for gapped alignment (in bits) 50 for blastn, 25 for other programs. This program is available online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/

Candida kefyr (a.k.a. Candida pseudotropicalis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Kluyveromyces fragilis) CD is an improvement over the several prior art cytosine deaminase proteins. C. kefyr CD has significantly lower expression levels than E. coli CD (to date), but its activity is much higher in converting 5FC to 5FU. Further, 5FC is a better substrate for C. kefyr CD than is the natural substrate, cytosine. Table 1 provides a listing of sequences taught herein. TABLE 1 SEQ ID NO AND DESCRIPTION SEQ ID NO: TYPE Length Name and Description 1 cDNA 456 nt Wild type Candida kefyr CD cDNA 2 Peptide 152 aa Wild type Candida kefyr CD protein 3 cDNA 456 nt Variant Candida kefyr CD cDNA with 74C→T, 99T→C, 159T→A, 243T→C, 309C→T, 336A→G, 365A→G 4 Peptide 152 aa Variant Candida kefyr CD protein D33E 5 Peptide 158 aa Wild type Saccharomyces cerevisiae CD protein 6 Peptide 150 aa Wild type Candida albicans CD protein 7 cDNA 459 nt E. coli biased Candida kefyr CD cDNA (incl. stop codon) 8 cDNA 459 nt Humanized Candida kefyr CD cDNA (incl. stop codon) 9 cDNA 459 nt Humanized Candida kefyr CD cDNA with immunogenic CpG's removed (incl. stop codon) 10 cDNA 1104 nt Candida kefyr CD-uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (FUR1) fusion protein cDNA. 11 Oligo 18 Probe 1 12 Oligo 18 Probe 2 13 Oligo 18 Probe 3 14 Oligo 15 Probe 4 15 Oligo 15 Probe 5 16 Oligo 30 CK 5′ Long 17 Oligo 30 CK 3′ Long 18 Oligo 33 CK 5′ Nest 19 Oligo 30 CK 3′ Nest 20 Oligo 39 CK 5′ BamH1 21 Oligo 32 CK 3′ Xho1 (no stop) 22 Oligo 33 CK 3′ Pst1 (stop) 23 Peptide 16 C. kefyr CD Epitope 1 24 Peptide 18 C. kefyr CD Epitope 2

Other protein variants are described in Table 2 with reference to SEQ ID NO: 2. TABLE 2 CD VARIANTS SEQ ID NO: 2 Variant % ID Activity D33E-3′FLAG 151/152 Mutant tested and has less activity (99%) than the protein of SEQ ID NO: 2 D33E 151/152 Mutant not yet made, but may have (99%) decreased activity I92L/L93I/I97L 149/152 Expected to have 800 fold less than (98%) wild-type because this mutant is shown to be less active in other yeast species. See WO199960008. T80S/T81S/T89S/ 148/152 Expected to have 800 fold less than Y95S (97%) wild-type, see above. S42K/R47K 150/152 Expected to have 100 fold less than (99%) wild-type, see above. K129R/K136R 150/152 Expected to have 800 fold less than (99%) wild-type, see above. Δ1 151/152 Met-free variant, expected to have (99%) wild type activity. Δ1-2 150/152 Deleting first two amino acids which (99%) are missing in the consensus protein, expected to have activity. Δ1-8 144/152 Alternate start codon, expected to (95%) have activity. Δ1-9 143/152 Met-free variant using alternate (94%) start codon, encodes the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase zinc- binding region, expected to have some activity. Single E to D 151/152 Not expected to change activity mutations, at (99%) since change conservative and positions 3, 38, residue not conserved in yeast. 114, 138 Single D to E 151/152 Not expected to change activity mutation at (99%) since change conservative and position 33 residue not conserved in yeast. Single K to R 151/152 Not expected to change activity mutation, esp. (99%) since change conservative and at positions 11, residue not conserved in yeast. 69, 124, 129, and 141

The invention is generally directed to protein and gene or cDNA sequence of C. kefyr cytosine deaminase of amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4. Variations of the cDNA encoding the protein are provided, including an E. coli biased CD cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 7), a humanized CD cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 8), and a humanized and CpG-free CD cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 9). Fusions are also provided, in particular the CD-uracil phosphoribosyltransferase fusion (SEQ ID NO: 10) and a CD-FLAG fusion (see table 2).

The nucleic acid sequences can be used in traditional suicide gene therapy methodologies. Suicide gene therapies are in phase I, II and III clinical trials, and are well established treatment supplements or alternatives. The C. kefyr gene provides an advantage over current suicide gene sequences because lower amounts of 5FC are needed for therapy, due to the protein's improved ability to convert 5FC to 5FU. The gene also has uses in preparing large amounts of protein for biochemical characterization, preparation of antibodies, and the like.

A large number of variant protein sequences are provided, based on both the known homologies with prior art sequences and on the predicted characteristics of the protein, as shown in tables 1-3 and FIGS. 5 and 6. The range of mutants provided all are within 94% amino acid identity to the wild type sequence as disclosed. The closest prior art sequence has only 74% amino acid identity to the C. kefyr cytosine deaminase protein.

Antigenic fragments of C. kefyr cytosine deaminase are also provided, which have already been used to successfully generate antibodies of the invention. The antigenic fragments can be selected to be unique or conserved, as shown in table 5. Similarly, fragments of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3 can be used as oligonucleotide probes or as primers in a variety of methods. Larger fragments can also be used as probes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Candida kefyr Cytosine deaminase cDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1). The cDNA was cloned by PCR amplification using primers from those portions of sequence that were conserved among the prior art fungal sequences.

FIG. 2. Candida kefyr Cytosine deaminase amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2). The amino acid sequence was derived from the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA.

FIG. 3. Variant Candida kefyr Cytosine deaminase cDNA sequence with 74C→T, 99T→C, 159T→A, 243T→C, 309C→T, 336A→G, 365A→G (SEQ ID NO: 3). The variant CD protein was obtained from a different clone amplified using the previously described system.

FIG. 4. Variant Candida kefyr Cytosine deaminase amino acid sequence D33E (SEQ ID NO: 4). The amino acid sequence was derived from the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5. CD Multiple Sequence Alignment with Candida kefyr (SEQ ID NO: 2), S. cerevisiae (SEQ ID NO: 5), C. albicans (SEQ ID NO: 6), and the CD consensus sequence. The S. cerevisiae sequence was obtained from GenBank accession number NP_(—)015387. The C. albicans sequence was obtained from GenBank accession number AAC15782. The consensus sequence was obtained from the Pfam database of protein domains and HMMs (http://pfam.wustl.edu/index.html) accession number PF00383. The sequences in FASTA format were aligned according to Higgins (7), using the default parameters (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/clustalw). Default settings as of Jun. 20, 2002 were: CPU mode=clustalw_mp; alignment=full; output format=aln w/numbers; output order=aligned; color alignment=no; KTUP=def; window length=def; score=percent; topdiag=def; pairgap=def; phylogenetic tree=none (off, off); matrix=def; gap open=def; end gaps=def; gap extension=def; gap distances=def; tree type=cladogram; tree gap distance=hide.

FIG. 6. Pairwise alignment with S. cerevisiae sequence. Sequences were aligned at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/

FIG. 7. Western Blot Using Anti-FLAG. An anti-FLAG antibody is used to confirm expression of the CD constructs, including CK-CD-FLAG and E-CD-FLAG. The bacterial protein is much more strongly expressed than the yeast protein.

FIG. 8. Titration of CK-CD-FLAG and E-CD-FLAG. 30 μl of CK-CD-FLAG lysate is about equal to 3 μl of E-CD-FLAG lysate when tested by Western blot with anti-FLAG antibody. This suggests that the CK-CD-FLAG protein is about ten-fold less well expressed than the E-CD-FLAG. Yet, control experiments (with a co-transfected GFP containing vector, not shown) show roughly equivalent transfection efficiencies.

FIG. 9. Cytosine to Uracil Assay. Equal amounts of cell lysate are assayed for cytosine to uracil conversion at 37° C. in a 16 hour assay. Activities of CK-CD-FLAG, CK-CD, E-CD-FLAG, and E-CD are shown, and it is apparent that CK-CD without the FLAG tag is much more active than the protein with the FLAG tag. This may represent increased expression or activity or some combination thereof.

FIG. 10. 5FC to 5FU Assay at Different Temperatures. Equal amounts of cell lysate are assayed for cytosine to uracil conversion at 37° C. in a 2 hour assay at the indicated temperatures. CK-CD is much more active than CK-CD-FLAG, and this may reflect better expression, activity or both. Both tagged and untagged yeast CD are more active against 5FC than the bacterial protein.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to the Candida kefyr cytosine deaminase (CK-CD) protein and cDNA sequence. Also included are i) E. coli biased and humanized DNA sequences encoding CD, ii) antigenic polypeptide fragments and antibodies to same, iii) variants predicted to retain functional activity based on comparison with the large number of proteins in this family and inactive mutants, iv) naturally occurring variants, v) fusion proteins, such as FLAG, GFP, luciferase, uracil phosphoribosyltransferase, and monoclonal antibody fusions.

EXAMPLE 1 Cloning and Sequence Characterization of CD

Genomic DNA for Candida kefyr was purchased from ATCC. Amino acid sequence alignment of known fungal cytosine deaminase genes FCA1 (C. albicans) and FCY1 (S. cerevisiae) were used to design degenerative primers for regions of the genes that were homologous. The oligonucleotides were as follows: Primer Sequence Probe 1 = SEQ ID NO:11 ATG TGT ACT GGT GCT ATT Probe 2 = SEQ ID NO:12 GGT GAA AAC GTT AAC TTC Probe 3 = SEQ ID NO:13 GGT GAA AAC GTC AAC TTC Probe 4 = SEQ ID NO:14 GAA GAT ATT GGT GAA Probe 5 = SEQ ID NO:15 GAA GAC ATT GGT GAA

Polymerase chain reaction was performed with the described primers and 0.1 μg genomic DNA under the following conditions:  1 μl (0.1 μg) DNA  1 μl dNTP mix (10 μM)  5 μl 10× Pfu polymerase buffer  1 μl Probe 1 (5′ primer) (10 μM)  1 μl Probe 2, 3, 4, or 5 (3′ primer) (10 μM)  1 μl Pfu Turbo polymerase (4 units) (STRATAGENE ™) 40 μl ddH2O

Reaction conditions were as follows: 94° C. for 3 minutes (1 cycle), followed by 25 cycles of 94° C. 45 seconds, 40° C. for 45 seconds, 72° C. for 30 seconds. Ten μl of the reactions were run on a 3% agarose gel. Based on the sequence alignment of the known CD genes, expected fragment sizes were expected to be between 66 and 200 base pairs, depending on primer set used in reaction, and the CK PCR produced the expected fragments. These fragments were excised from the agarose gel and subcloned into pCRScript cloning vector (STRATAGENE™, La Jolla, Calif.). Plasmid DNA was purified and analyzed by restriction digest for clones containing correct insert size. The plasmid DNA was sequenced by ResGen Laboratories (INVITROGEN™, Carlsbad, Calif.).

Based on the sequence of the clones described above, primers were designed and synthesized for use in a Genome Walker kit (CLONTECH™, Palo Alto, Calif.) to isolate the full length CD gene of C. kefyr. The oligonucleotides used with the kit were as follows: Primer Sequence CK 5′ Long = GGCCGTGTTGTCATTGGTGAAAACGTCAAC SEQ ID NO:16 CK 3′ Long = GGTCTCTTTTCAATGAACTCCTTCATTATA SEQ ID NO:17 CK 5′ Nest = GTTGTCATTGGTGAAAACGTCAACTTCAAAAGC SEQ ID NO:18 CK 3′ Nest = AATGAACTCCTTCATTATATCGATACAGCG SEQ ID NO:19

“Libraries” were created and PCR performed as described in the Genome Walker kit protocol. The PCR products were subcloned into pcDNA2.1 (INVITROGEN™), plasmid DNA purified and clones sent for sequencing to ResGen Laboratories. Sequences for the 5′ and 3′ ends of C. kefyr gene were determined and oligonucleotides containing restriction enzyme sites (italicized) and a mammalian Kozak sequence (bold) were designed and synthesized as follows: Primer Sequence CK5′ CTTGGGATCCGCCACCATGGCTGAATGGGATCAAAAGGG BamH1 = SEQ ID NO:20 CK 3′Xho1 CTTGCTCGAGTTCGCCAATGTCTTCGTACCAG (no stop) = SEQ ID NO:21 CK3′ Pst1 CTTGCTGCAGCTATTCGCCAATGTCTTCGTACC (Stop) = SEQ ID NO:22

The full length CD gene was isolated via PCR from C. kefyr genomic DNA under the following conditions: 2 μl (0.2 μg) genomic DNA 1 μl dNTP mix (10 μM) 5 μl 10X pfu rxn buffer 1 μl 5′primer (10 μM) 1 μl 3′primer (10 μM) 1 μl Pfu Turbo DNA polymerase (4 units) 39 μl ddH2O

25 cycles at 94° C. for 30 seconds, 65° C. for 30 seconds and 72° C. for 1 minute were run in a thermocycler. PCR products were analyzed by agarose gel with ethidium bromide staining. The fragments were digested with the appropriate restriction enzymes and subcloned by standard methods into pCMV4A vector (STRATAGENE™). The sequence of cytosine deaminase gene was confirmed by ResGen Laboratories.

The clone containing the gene was deposited at ATCC PTA-4867. The cloned insert was sequenced and is presented in FIG. 1, the translation product in FIG. 2. A naturally occurring allelic variant is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. The protein of SEQ ID NO: 2 is 152 amino acids and is characterized as follows: TABLE 3 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Number of amino acids: 152 Molecular weight: 16819.1 Theoretical pI: 4.95 Amino acid composition: Ala 6 Arg 9 Asn 5 Asp 9 Cys 5 Gln 2 Glu 16 Gly 20 His 3 Ile 11 3.9% 3.9% 3.3% 5.9% 3.3% 1.3% 10.5% 13.2% 2.0% 7.2% Leu 11 Lys 11 Met 6 Phe 3 Pro 5 Ser 7 Thr 9 Trp 2 Tyr 7 Val 8 7.2% 7.2% 3.9% 2.0% 3.3% 4.6%  5.9%  1.3% 4.6% 5.3% Asx 0 Glx 0 Xaa 0 — — — Total number of negatively charged residues (Asp + Glu): 25 Total number of positively charged residues (Arg + Lys): 17 Formula: C735H1156N196O233S11 Total number of atoms: 2331 Estimated half-life: The N-terminal of the sequence considered is M (Met). The estimated half-life is: 30 hours (mammalian reticulocytes, in vitro). >20 hours (yeast, in vivo). >10 hours (Escherichia coli, in vivo). Instability index: The instability index (II) is computed to be 35.20. This classifies the protein as stable. Aliphatic index: 75.66 Grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY): −0.410 There are no predicted myristolation sites or n-terminal signal sequences. There is a potential cleavage site at amino acid 118.

EXAMPLE 2 Expression of CD

Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293 cells) were transiently transfected with one of these constructs: CK-CD-FLAG, CK-CD, E-CD-FLAG, E-CD or vector alone (pCMV-tag4C). Control experiments were performed to confirm that each construct was transfected with comparable efficiency. Cells co-transfected with a construct and a GFP containing plasmid indicated approximately equivalent levels of transfection.

The experimental details are as follows: 293 cells in 10 cm dishes were transfected with 10 or 15 μg of CD constructs using FuGene 6 (ROCHE™) at a DNA/FuGene ratio of 1:3. No carrier DNA was used. Cell lysates were collected in 1 ml of lysis buffer (20 mM Tris-Cl, pH8, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100) after 48 hours by three freeze/thaw cycles using dry ice for 10 minutes and room temperature for 10 minutes.

30 μl of cell lysate was separated by 12% SDS-PAGE, transferred to membrane and then Western blotted with anti-flag monoclonal antibody at a dilution of 1:5000 (SIGMA™). The membranes were incubated with HRP conjugated goat-anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:10000, AMERSHAM™) and the signal visualized with an ECL system (AMERSHAM™). The data in FIG. 7 shows that E. coli CD-FLAG is expressed much more efficiently than Candida kefyr CD-FLAG, although they were constructed in the same vector. Similar results were obtained (not shown) when the cells were transfected with 2 μg of each DNA construct. Experiments are planned to test a humanized C. kefyr gene and it is expected that the humanized gene will improve the expression levels.

Because the bacterial protein was more strongly expressed than the yeast protein, an attempt was made to compare the levels for the amount of expression of the two clones. In a second Western blot, 30 μl of CK-CD-FLAG was compared against increasing amounts of E-CD-FLAG. As seen in FIG. 8, 30 μl of CK-CD-FLAG (˜18 KD band) is roughly equivalent to 4 μl of E-CD-FLAG (˜60 KD band), indicating about 7.5-fold better expression. In the following experiments, this ratio of cell lysates is used. The presence of a fainter band at about 38 KD may indicate that some portion of the CK-CD protein dimerizes.

EXAMPLE 3 Enzymatic Assay

For conversion assays, 1 μl of 100 μCi/ml either ¹⁴C-cytosine or ¹⁴C-5FC (MORAVEK BIOCHEMICALS™) was added to 45 μl of yeast CD or 6 μl of bacterial CD cell lysates and incubated at the indicated temperatures for 2 or 16 hours. The reaction mixtures were loaded onto a TLC plate (LK5DF SILICA GEL, Cat. No. 4856-821, WHATMAN™) and resolved with 1-butanol:H₂O (85:15) for 3 hours. The plate was then dried and visualized by autoradiography. However, CD activity can also be assayed by 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as described by De Vito (2) and Martino (17).

Cell lysates were assayed for cytosine to uracil conversion at 37° C. in a 16 hour assay. The activities of CK-CD-FLAG (with the D33E variation), CK-CD, E-CD-FLAG, and E-CD are shown in FIG. 9. It is apparent that CK-CD without the FLAG tag is much more active than the protein with the tag (compare lanes 1 and 2). This may represent increased expression or increased activity or some combination thereof. This may also reflect the D33E mutation in the CD-FLAG variant. Because the CK-CD protein is very small, it is anticipated that the FLAG may inhibit its activity, although the prior figure also indicates that expression is also inhibited.

The C. kefyr CD protein was found to be far less active against cytosine than was the E. coli CD protein (compare lanes 2 and 4). This probably reflects the fact that the assay conditions employed were optimized for the E. coli protein. Further, although bacterial activity seems to increase with increased reaction time (not shown), that of the yeast protein does not. This is confirmed in an independent assay (not shown), and may indicate that under these conditions the yeast enzyme is slightly less stable than the bacterial enzyme.

The S. cerevisiae protein is also known to be thermally instable (measured T_(1/2)=1 hr, (16)). However, structural analysis indicates that both yeast proteins should be more stable in mammalian cells (calculated T_(1/2)>30 hours, see Tables 3-4). Thus, we expect that the stability can be improved by optimizing the reaction conditions and this work is underway.

In the next experiment, we tested the activity of each enzyme against 5FC. The experiment was performed as described above, but using 5FC in place of cytosine. Further, this experiment was combined with a temperature optimization study and was performed at 4 different temperatures. As shown in FIG. 10, the yeast protein had a lower temperature optima than the bacterial protein, probably reflecting typical ambient growth conditions for each organism. However, the C. kefyr protein was sufficiently active at 37° C. for it to be useful in human therapies. Further, a variant with increased stability can be isolated by screening yeast grown at 37° C., as described in the Examples below.

Although the CK-CD protein was less active against cytosine, it is unexpectedly more active against 5FC than is the E. coli CD at 2 hours. This is shown in FIG. 10 where the yeast protein shows much better conversion of 5FC to 5FU (compare lanes 1 and 3 or 2 and 4). At 16 hours of reaction, the bacterial protein produces as much or more 5FU than the yeast protein (not shown), but as discussed above, this probably reflects the better stability of the bacterial protein under the reaction conditions employed.

The experiment demonstrates that yeast protein is more active than the bacterial protein against the pro-drug 5FC. Thus, the Candida kefyr CD gene and protein will provide an advantage in suicide gene therapy, because decreased dosage of 5FC can be employed while still achieving cytotoxicity. Experiments are underway to confirm that the specific activity of the yeast protein against 5FC is significantly greater than that of the bacterial protein.

Using the above assay, the enzyme was further characterized and compared against the existing cytosine deaminase proteins. The results are as follows: TABLE 4 YEAST CD COMPARISON Vmax Activity AMINO T½ μM/min/μg Km % 5FU/5FC by CD Species ACID % identity HR Preferred Buffer enzyme mM 0.2 μg CD in 2 h Candida 152 100%  >30 n/a n/a n/a ˜50% by 45 ul kefyr cell extract S. cerevisiae 158 74% >30 ¹⁶100 mM Tris, ¹⁶68.0 ± 12.0  ¹⁶0.8 ± 0.2 ¹⁶77.9 ± 6.2 FCY1 131/151 (¹⁶1) pH 7.8, 1 mM EDTA C. albicans 150 58% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A FCA1  86/148 Ecoli 427 none N/A ¹⁶11.7 ± 3.8  ^(l6)17.9 ± 4.4 ¹⁶16.0 ± 0.8 CD

EXAMPLE 4 Cytotoxicity Assay

The radiosensitizing effect of 5FC and 5FU in HT29, HT29/bCD, and HT29/yCD cells is determined using a standard clonogenic assay (3). Cells are treated with 5FC or 5FU at various concentrations for 24 h before irradiation at 37° C. in media containing 10% dialyzed serum. The radiation survival data are corrected for plating efficiency using a nonirradiated plate treated with 5FC or 5FU under the same conditions. The surviving fraction is plotted against the radiation dose, and curves fit using the linear-quadratic equation. The radiation sensitivity is expressed as the MID, which represents the area under the cell survival curve (1). Radiosensitization was expressed as the ER, which is defined as MID_(control)/MID_(treated).

To determine the cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effect of 5FC and 5FU on bystander cells, cocultures of 90% bystander hygromycin-resistant HT29 cells and 10% puromycin-resistant CD-transduced HT29 cells are used. Cell survival of the hygromycin-resistant HT29 cells and puromycin-resistant CD-transduced HT29/cells is determined by plating the cells in selective media after treatment and assessed using a standard clonogenic assay as described above.

Cytotoxicity assay—transfected cells were seeded at a density of 1×10³ cells/well in a 96-well microtiterplate containing 100 μl of culture medium. A set of sterile stock dilutions of the 10 mg/ml 5FC solution were prepared. One day later, increasing concentrations of 5FC was added to the wells, and a control well without the prodrug was included. After 5-7 days, the cells were washed with fresh medium and cytotoxicity was assessed by trypan blue exclusion, using a hemocytometer to quantify the results. The results are expected show increased cytotoxicity and bystander effect (up to 10 fold) per unit dose of 5FC compared with the bacteria, due to the increased conversion rate. Similarly, increased activity is expected in the CD-FUR1 fusion protein. It is not known how the C. kefyr protein will compare with the S. cerevisiae protein, but it is known that this protein has a 22-fold lower Km and a 4-fold higher Vmax for 5FC than bacterial CD protein. Thus, the activities are expected to be roughly equivalent or perhaps somewhat better in C. kefyr, once the assay is optimized for C. kefyr.

EXAMPLE 5 Antibodies

The peptidic fragments listed in the Table are synthesized and used to inject rabbits. Polyclonal antibodies are prepared therefrom and screened for activity. The best samples are chosen to prepare monoclonal antibodies. TABLE 5 ANTIGENIC FRAGMENTS OF CD Residues from SEQ ID NO: 2 Marker Use 42-56 Conserved Broad-range antigenic fragments 83-94 residues allow monitoring of CD from a variety of species. 32-43 C. kefyr Specific antigenic fragments allow 58-79 specific monitoring of C. kefyr CD only. 110-139  1-16 N-terminal detection (SEQ ID NO: 23)  M-136-152   C-terminal detection (SEQ ID NO: 24)

To date, we have prepared a polyclonal antibody to the peptides from the amino and carboxyl terminals of the protein, according to standard techniques. The peptides were Met-Ala-Glu-Trp-Asp-Gln-Lys-Gly-Met-Asp-Lys-Ala-Tyr-Glu-Glu-Cys (SEQ ID NO: 23) and Cys-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Glu-Lys-Arg-Pro-Glu-Asp-Trp-Tyr-Glu-Asp-Ile-Gly-Glu (SEQ ID NO: 24).

Work is planned to isolate monoclonal antibodies for each.

EXAMPLE 6 Variants

The specific variants listed in table 2 are synthesized by site specific mutagenesis of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3. Additional variants may be made, however, it is suggested that the conserved residues indicated by the black boxes in FIG. 5 or 6 not be changed, unless one desires an inactive mutant. Further, changes within the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase zinc-binding region (grey box) are also expected to be less well tolerated than changes outside this region. Residues that might be important to the C. kefyr CD are indicated in FIG. 6 as bold. These residues involve a change in charge as compared with the closest homolog and are in the binding region. Changes in these residues are expected to change function. Active variants are likely to be those that involve conservative changes in those residues not conserved in the 2 yeasts, particularly those outside the binding region.

Variants are expressed in E. coli and screened for activity using the assay described in example 3, or any suitable assay. Alternatively, random mutagenesis is performed and the products are similarly screened. In this manner, it will be possible to isolate variants with improved temperature stability at 37° C. and mutants with even better activity than that described herein.

Naturally occurring variants are isolated by screening populations of Candida kefyr with the cDNA of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3 at high stringency. Alternatively, natural alleles can be isolated by ASO (allele specific oligonucleotide) screening using an array of overlapping oligonucleotides that provide complete coverage of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3. In yet a third alternative, mutants with higher activity can be isolated by rescue screening yeast CD mutants grown on cytosine, as a source of pyrimidine.

EXAMPLE 7 CD-FUR1 FUSION

A fusion protein of the Candida kefyr CD gene and the uracil phosphoribosyltransferase genes (FUR1) is constructed as shown in SEQ ID NO: 10. A similar construct was made with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CD (FCY1) (15). The FCY1-FUR1 fusion encoded a bifunctional chimeric protein that efficiently catalyzed the direct conversion of 5FC into the toxic metabolites 5FU and 5-FdUMP, thus bypassing the natural resistance of certain human tumor cells to 5FU. Unexpectedly, the cytosine deaminase activity of the fusion proteins was 100-fold higher than the wild type, resulting in greatly increased sensitivity to concentrations of 5FC (1000-fold increased sensitivity). Furthermore, the bystander effect was also more effective with the fusion protein than either FCY1 or FUR1 alone or in combination. Because the Candida kefyr gene is 74% identical to the S. cerevisiae gene, it is expected to function similarly and experiments will be performed to confirm this.

Another type of multimodality therapy can be achieved with a replication-conditional herpes simplex virus 1 mutant, where the viral ribonucleotide reductase gene is disrupted by sequences encoding yeast cytosine deaminase. HSV1yCD-infected cells convert 5FC to 5FU without significantly reducing viral replication and oncolysis. HSV1yCD-infected cells are destroyed by viral replication, and uninfected cells are subjected to bystander killing from both progeny virion and extracellular diffusion of 5FU. This has been shown to increase anti-tumor effect. (18).

EXAMPLE 8 CD-Monoclonal Antibody Fusion

CD can be covalently attached to monoclonal antibodies, forming conjugates that bind to antigens on tumor cell surfaces and thus targeting the CD to a specific cell type. This experiment has been performed with the S. cerevisiae CD and the combination was specific for the antibody target (5). A similar effect can be achieved by expressing a CD-Monoclonal antibody fusion protein.

EXAMPLE 9 Suicide Gene Therapy

Preliminary suicide gene therapy in vivo results will be obtained using the nude mouse tumor model. The human colon cancer cell line HT29 will be grown in RPMI supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated calf serum, 2 mM glutamine, 100 IU/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin. Stable HT29 cell lines expressing either bacterial or various yeast CD genes (including the humanized C. kefyr CD gene) will be generated by viral infection using the retroviral vector LZR (Lazarus), or a gene-viral vector based on the adenovirus (19). Cells will be reseeded 24 h after infection to allow the formation of single colonies, which will be isolated and tested for CD activity. CD-positive clones will be used to generate mice tumor models.

Nude female mice (Nu/Nu CD-1, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) of 7-8 weeks will receive injections (s.c.) in the flank with 5×10⁶ viable HT29-CD cells, generated above. Tumors will be measured biweekly with calipers in 2 dimensions. Tumor volumes will calculated in mm³ using the formula: (3.14/6) (L×W²). When tumors are >50 mm³ and measure an average volume of 100-150 mm³, treatment will be started. Mice will receive injections daily (i.p.) with 500 mg/kg 5FC or 25 mg/kg 5FU 5 days a week for 2 weeks. Differences in the efficacy between treatments will be measured.

Suicide gene therapy has already been tested in several phase I and phase II clinical trials, and both safety and moderate efficacy have been shown. However, there is room for improvement of both transfection efficiencies and gene expression. It is anticipated that the use of a gene that codes for a more active 5FC to 5FU converting enzyme will provide benefit in suicide gene therapy, allowing the use of lower doses of 5FC. Clinical experiments with the new C. kefyr CD gene will not be undertaken for some time. In the interim, work is underway to optimize the reaction conditions for the C. kefyr CD protein, to confirm its cytotoxicity in cell toxicity assays, and in the nude mouse xenographic tumor model described above. It is anticipated that the C. kefyr CD gene will provide a benefit over the established bacterial gene, and may also prove to be an improvement over the S. cerevisiae gene.

EXAMPLE 11 Tumor Response Monitoring

The C. kefyr CD gene or its variants can be used to test an individual tumor cell's response to suicide gene therapy in vitro. Candidate tumor cells are transfected as above, and their responsiveness to the therapy assayed either in vitro or in the mouse tumor model. The tumor cells can be established tumor cell lines, or tumor cells biopsied from an individual. In this way, tumors most likely to benefit from suicide gene therapy using the CK gene can be identified.

CITES: All citations are hereby expressly incorporated by reference and are relisted here for convenience:

-   1. Fertil B, et al., Radiat. Res. (1984) 99: 83-93. -   2. Di Vito M, et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1986)     29(2):303-8. -   3. Lawrence T S, Cancer Res. (1988) 48: 725-730. -   4. Huber B E, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (1991) 88:8039-8043. -   5. Senter P D, et al., Bioconjug. Chem. (1991) 2(6):447-51. -   6. Freeman S M, et al., Cancer Res. (1993) 53:5274-5283. -   7. Higgins D G, et al., Nucleic Acids Res. (1994) 22:4673-80. -   8. Sutton M A, et al., J Urol. (1996) 155:321. -   9. Erbs P, et al., Curr. Genet. (1997) 31(1):1-6. -   10. Hayden M S, et al., Protein Expr. Purif. (1998) 12(2):173-84. -   11. WO9960008A1: CYTOSINE DEAMINASE GENE (from S. cerevisae). -   12. Blom N, et al., J. Mol. Biol. (1999) 294(5): 1351-1362. -   13. Hamstra D A, et al., Hum. Gene Ther. (1999) 10(12):1993-2003. -   14. Tatusova T A & Madden T L, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. (1999)     174:247-250. -   et al., Cancer Res. (2000) 60(14):3813-22. -   16. Kievit E, et al., Cancer Res. 59, 1417-1421, Apr. 1, 1999 -   17. Martino R, et al., Curr Drug Metab. 2000 November; 1(3):271-303. -   18. Nakamura H, et al., Cancer Res. 2001 Jul. 15; 61(14):5447-52. -   19. Qian Q, et al., Chin Med J (Engl) 2002 August; 115(8):1213-1217;     13: Ganly I, et al., Clin Cancer Res. 2000 March; 6(3):798-806. 

1-30. (canceled)
 31. An antibody that specifically binds to an antigenic fragment of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 32-36. (canceled)
 37. The antibody of claim 31 that binds to a peptide comprising residues 32-43, 58-79, or 110-139 of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 38. The antibody of claim 31 that binds to a peptide of SEQ ID NO: 23 or SEQ ID NO:
 24. 39. A hybridoma that expresses the antibody of claim
 31. 40. The antibody of claim 31 covalently labeled with a chemical, peptide, or protein.
 41. The antibody of claim 31 fused with a peptide or protein.
 42. A monoclonal antibody that binds an antigenic fragment of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 43. The monoclonal antibody of claim 42 that binds to a peptide comprising residues 32-43, 58-79, or 110-139 of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 44. The monoclonal antibody of claim 42 that binds to a peptide of SEQ ID NO: 23 or SEQ ID NO:
 24. 45. A hybridoma that expresses the antibody of claim
 42. 46. The monoclonal antibody of claim 42 covalently labeled with a chemical, peptide, or protein.
 47. The monoclonal antibody of claim 42 fused with a peptide or protein.
 48. A method of detecting Candida kefyr cytosine deaminase (CD) protein comprising: a) providing a CD; b) exposing said CD to an antibody which binds SEQ ID NO: 2; c) detecting said antibody.
 49. The method of claim 48 wherein said antibody binds an antigenic peptide selected from the group consisting residues 32-43 of SEQ ID NO: 2, 58-79 of SEQ ID NO: 2, 110-139 of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 23 and SEQ ID NO:
 24. 50. The method of claim 48 wherein said antibody is selected from the group consisting of monoclonal antibodies, chemically modified antibodies, fusion proteins, and combinations thereof.
 51. The method of claim 48 wherein said CD is detected in situ.
 52. The method of claim 48 wherein said CD is detected in a mouse tumor model, established tumor cell lines, or tumor cells biopsied from an individual. 